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通用规范汉字表稿探究(8)硅矽大法看字表收字原则汉字 文字学

大家知道什么叫硅肺吗?换个问法可能更多人听过——大家知道什么叫矽肺吗?我就间接接触过一个矽肺患者,工厂把他害惨了。其实,无论“矽肺”还是“硅肺”都不是严谨的说法,一般来说都是指“硅肺病”,而“硅肺病”准确地说应该是“肺尘病”,受损的肺则相应地叫“尘肺”。

不过,那都是科学术语,坊间说法不那么讲究也无妨,我说出来你明白就行了。问题是,为什么有“矽肺”“硅肺”两个意思完全一样的俗称?

在中文维基查“矽”,页面会自动跳转到“硅”的条目。根据该词条的解释,“硅”的源词“英文silicon,来自拉丁文的silex,silicis,意思为燧石(火石)。民国初期,学者原将此元素译为“硅”而令其读为“xi(圭旁确可读xi音,如畦字)”(又,“硅”字本为“砉”字之异体,读huo),然当时时空下,拼音方案尚未推广普及,一般大众多误读为gui。由于化学元素译词除中国原有命名者,多用音译,化学学会注意到此问题,于是又创“矽”字避免误读。台湾沿用“矽”字至今。而中国大陆在1953年2月,中国科学院召开了一次全国性的化学物质命名扩大座谈会,有学者以“矽”与另外的化学元素“锡”和“硒”同音易混淆为由,通过并公布了重新命名为“硅”并读“gui”,并未意识到其实“硅”字本亦应读xi音。有趣的是,矽肺与矽钢片等词汇至今仍用矽字。在香港,两用法皆有,但“矽”较通用。

这是上学时候老师也提到了的。而且真的,一会儿拧香港电视新闻报道,一会儿按广州电视新闻报道,你会听到同样是讲粤语,一边说“矽谷”一边念“硅谷”,相映成趣。

这么说来,“矽”字照理早就不应该在大陆使用了。但是,词汇的实际应用和流行往往并不以一次会议、一纸公文为限。邵靖宇《硅字的来历和变迁》一文也阐述了这一点。

“矽肺”、“矽尘”、“矽尘肺”、“煤矽尘”、“铁矽尘”、“矽钢片”等词还沿用“矽”字,名正言顺地躺在中国大陆的公文、学术论文、保险合同、医疗鉴定报告里,在法律法规、技术标准里都可能有,以至于“低矽煤”、“含矽量”这种“矽”字在里面比较独立的词都通行无误,连药品都有了“克矽平”这样的名称。试查Google Trends,“矽肺”的说法在哪个地区都是压倒性的多数。

而在新兴、开放的IT领域里,港台词汇“矽晶体”、“矽片”、“矽谷”、“矽胶”在大陆依然时有出现,还有一些本地公司以“矽”为名,但是和“硅晶体”、“硅片”、“硅谷”、“硅胶”相比并不占优势,有的还占绝对劣势。这放映了大陆IT产业的兴旺。

无论如何,“矽”字在大陆都算是一个比较通行的字。像上面提到的那样,有些术语理论上可以并且应该用“硅”代替,但是实际上很少人这么做,缺了“矽”字还真不方便。1988年国家语委和新闻出版署联合发布的《现代汉语通用字表》(7000字)就收了“矽”字,出了名收字少的GB2312-80字符集也收了“矽”,可谓顺理成章。

意外的是,《通用规范汉字表(征求意见稿)》里面没有收“矽”字!那个pdf不能全文搜索太难用了,谁查到了告诉我,反正我按笔画排序是没查到。

从这个例子就可以看到:“通用规范汉字”这个术语是专指中国大陆现代汉语用字,而且是带规范性的。“矽”字就因为是旧用法、港台用法、不规范而被《通用规范汉字表(征求意见稿)》拒之门外,哪怕它实际上在大陆再通行也没用。

这并不是说《通用规范汉字表(征求意见稿)》就有什么错漏了。1988年国家语委和国家教委联合发布的《现代汉语常用字表》(2500个常用字、1000个次常用字)就没有“矽”字,因为它是常用字表,主要按字频统计和分布范围收的,主要给语文教学、高频字优先处理参考的,才3500个字,里面不包含“矽”很好理解。

但是,《通用规范汉字表(征求意见稿)》的定位、功能确实不够清晰划一,不收通用的“矽”字是出于规范的考虑,可是三级字表里又收了很多根本不通用的字,总收字数比收7000字的《现代汉语通用字表》多出1300字,规范的意义远大于圈定通用字范围的意义。既然已经有常用字表、通用字表了,为什么不干脆摆脱通用字的限制,一次性全盘规范70000多的汉字,省得到处征求意见还不断有人提出收这个字收那个字的要求,也省得“三年一小修、十年一大修”的折腾?又或者,只收通用或者常用的规范字,姓名等特殊用字则单列一个字表,既方便统一原则又方便查询学习,为什么不行呢?

 

۝ Posted by 图腾子 @   12:37:44   评论_0  引用通告_0   
从生到熟学古壮文汉字 拉丁化 壮语文 文字学

这篇本来要做《瓦依那的启示(二)》的,结果越写越长也越难收尾,最后(三)倒先发了,日子也渐渐离2007年2月很远了。现在,我把它改个更贴切的题目,也不管举例还没完善了,先把思路罗列出来和大家分享,同时自己为自己明天就要开始的广西七日游饯行,哈哈~

(我人在外头,草稿箱里已经设定好几篇文章定时发布了,请读者继续关注!)

从 生 到 熟 学 壮 字

  《古壮字字典》很多字条除了有解释还会附上古壮字-拼音壮字-汉文例句。如果有心的话,我们完全可以从一个字条中的例句出发,一环接一环地翻查学习新出现的古壮字。又因为释文中的例句多是常用的短句,至少不是艰深生僻的长句,所以这条链条也不会太长,很快就会在例句中找不出没查过的古壮字。这样一条链条下来,给我们的记忆和翻查负担不至于太重,最常用的那几个古壮字却很自然地就混个脸熟了,壮语的语序也可窥见一斑了。

  例如,

第一环节,从“[那/田]”的古壮字例句开始,找到4个陌生的壮字“[宀/兰]”、“[口/九]”、“否”、“[利/土]”;

第二环节,借助它们对应的拼音壮文ranz、gou、mbouj、reih翻查这4个字的解释和例句,在“[宀/兰]”条例句得到另外5个壮字“[六鳥]”、“燕”、“[乙昷]”、“[入/口]”、“[来斗]”,其中“燕”跟汉字字义是一样的,只是读音有差异,而“[口/九]”、“[利/土]”两个条目没有例句,“否”条里其中4个壮字正好刚查了,只剩1个陌生的壮字“眉”,这一环节共计有5个生字;

第三环节,借助roeg、mbin、haeuj、daeuj、miz查那6个新鲜的壮字,……

…… ……

  (示例图片请自行下载后放到原图大小查看,从上到下是环节推进过程,红色方框表示框住的字是生字,绿色的则是已经在上一环节或者同一环节认识了的字。)

  这就跟从老枝到嫩芽的树枝、谱系类似。不同的是,每个环节尽管牵涉的字越来越多,但是其中已经认识的字也会越来越频繁地出现,特别是像“[宀/兰]”、“[口/九]”、“否”等这种高频词的壮字。

  我最初的想法是,用很少数的环节就做到某个环节不再出现生字,这样一条回环的链条就完成了,学习的字数也就得到了控制。否则,几何级数式的生字大爆发太打击学习信心了!尴尬的是,在从“[那/田]”开始的示例里,第三环节就爆出了17个生字,第四环节更攀升至33个,我就暂时搁下来了,可能是一开始的选字不够典型吧。你们觉得这会是个好的学习游戏吗?最短步数的会是从哪个字出发呢,谁能找到?

  因为这个游戏也要求看例句、现行的拉丁壮文、解释,所以从中也可以了解到壮语“我家”说成“家我”(ranz gou)这样的语序,又可能会因为mbouj和粤语的“冇”(mou5)显然同源记忆特别深刻,还可能对daeuj和“里头”的“头”的关系和异同产生兴趣,有相当大的发掘空间呢!

从 生 到 熟 学 壮 词

  由于壮语是修饰语放在中心语后面,《SAWLOIH CUENGH GUN(壮汉词汇)》的一页词条列表看起来就像是汉语的倒序词典,很多相关的词语就自然排在一块儿了,识记起来很方便。

  现在,只剩下挑选语素、限定词条的问题了。你总不能每次都把整本词典逐条啃完吧!

  结合上面的追查游戏吧!例如,可以用《SAWLOIH CUENGH GUN(壮汉词汇)》逐词查阅“[那/田]”条的例句“Ranz gou naz mbouj reih”里出现的每个词以及它们的词族,那就是:

ranz ①房屋 ②宅 ③户;家,家庭
ranz [方]hoh;swenz 户 Mbanj neix miz haj ~ vunz.这个村子有五户人家。
ranzbaihlaeng (见ranzmeh) 娘家
ranzbanhgoeng 办公室
ranzmbiengjhangj (见ranznden) 隔壁;邻舍,邻居
ranzcaz (见bakcauq) 厨房
ranzcaqyouz 油坊
ranzcanx [方] 房屋[指上层住人,下层住家禽家畜]
ranzcingq [方] 正房
ranzcoj 老家;故屋;原藉
ranzcuz (见ranzdajcawj) 厨房
ranzdajcawj [与bakcauq同] [方]ranzcuz;baksaeuq;ranzsaeuq;cwzfuengz 厨房
ranzdajcaemx 浴室
ranzdaeqgyaeuj (见bouqdaeqgyaeuj) 理发店
ranzdaiq (见ranzmeh) 娘家
ranzdenh (见hekdiemq) 客店;客栈
ranzding (见ding) 厅堂
ranzdoz [方]angah;doenggya 旅途中投宿的住家
ranzdoz (见hekdiemq) 客店;客栈
ranzfaz (见ranzfag) 筚房
ranzfag [方]ranzfaz 筚房[用荆条或竹片围成的房子]
ranzgaeuq 旧居;故居
ranzgangq 烤房
ranzgvan 夫家,婆家
ranzhaeux 饭厅
ranzhag (见hagdangz) 学堂;学校
ranzhenz (见ranznden) 隔壁;邻舍,邻居
ranzhoj 贫苦人
ranzmeh [方]swenzmehdai;ranzmehdaiq;ranzbaihlaeng;ranzdaiq;naenghlaeng;bouxlaeng 娘家
ranzmehdaiq (见ranzmeh) 娘家
ranzmbanj 家乡
ranzmbiengjhangj (见gekleiz与ranznden) 隔壁;邻舍,邻居
ranzmbwk (见ding) 厅堂
ranzmuh 磨房
ranznden [方]laekgyaej;ranzhenz;ranzrik;ranzrimz;ranzmbiengjhangj 隔壁,邻舍;邻居
ranzraeuj 温室
ranzrik (见gekleiz与ranznden同) 隔壁;邻舍;邻居
ranzrimz (见gekleiz与ranznden) 隔壁,邻舍;邻居
ranzrongh 天亮
ranzsaeuq (见bakcauq与ranzdajcawj) 厨房
ranzvang [方]bangjfuengz;ruggyaeujswj;swengvang 厢房
ranzyawjsaw 阅览室
ranzyouq 住宅
ranzyw (医院的)药房

gou [方]gwh;ngoh 我

naz 田
nazbanzseuj (见nazmbaeklae) 梯田
nazboengz [方]nazoeng;nazmbwt 烂泥田
nazbyom 瘦田
naqfai [方] 埂田[靠水坝灌溉的田]
nazfwz [方]nazsoeg;naznyoengq 荒田
nazgaeuj (见nazhaeux) 稻田
nazgat 卖断了的田
nazgonz [方]nazmyangx 佃田
nazgyaj 秧田
nazhaeux [方]nazgyaeuj 稻田
nazloem 陷地田[地势低,终年积水的田]
nazmbaeklae [方]nazbanzseuj 梯田  
nazmbwt (见nazboengz) 烂泥田
nazmyangx (nazgonz) 佃田
naznangq [方] 涉及
nazndoi 坡田
naznyoengq (见nazfwz) 荒田
nazoeng (见nazboengz) 烂泥田
nazraemx 水田
nazrengx 旱田
nazsoeg (见nazfwz) 荒田

mbouj [方]wj;mij;aemj  ①不 ~ bae 不去  ②无;没有[用于 ~ …… ~ 格式] ~ gwn ~ daenj 没吃没穿
mboujbienh 不便
mboujbingq (见mboujdaemx) 不及;比不上;不如
mboujbotyak (见mboujswt) 不理睬
mboujcaengz [方]caengz;hahcaengz;maengx;mbaen 未;未曾 Vunz ~ daeuj. 人未曾来。
mboujcaih (见mboujcij) 不止
mboujcij [方]ndilonz;ndidanh;mboujcaih;miqcij;meizcih;mboujgag 不止 Duz mou neix ~ haj cib gaen. 这头猪不止五十斤。
mboujcix 要么 ~ doegsaw, ~ guhhong, gaej luenh bae guhcaemz. 要么读书,要么做工,不要乱玩耍。
mboujcuk 不足
mboujdaemx [方]mboujloeb;mboujbingq;mboujha;mboujdaengh;meizgyaeb;miqloeb 不及;比不上;不如 Gou ~ mwngz. 我不及你。
mboujdaengh (见mboujdaemx) 不及;比不上;不如
mboujdaih [方]mboujsaih 不太 Gij saek neix ~ hoengz. 这颜色不太红。
mboujdan  [与mboujgag同] [方]miqdan;ndidan;meizdan 不仅;不独;不只;不光;不但 Ranz de bi neix ~ ndaej haeux lai, vanzlij miz haujlai bit gaeq dem. 今年他家不仅打下很多粮食,而且还养有很多鸡鸭。
mboujdanh [方] 不但
mboujdoengz 不同
mboujduenh 不断
mboujeiqseiq 没趣;不好意思 Gou ~ bae giz de. 我不好意思去他那里。
mboujfuengz 无妨
mboujfug 不屈;不服
mboujgag [与mboujdan同] 不独;不但;不只;不光;不仅
mboujgag (见mboujcij) 不止
mboujgam 不甘
mboujgoq 不顾
mboujguenj [方]meizguenj;miqguenj;ndiguenj 不管
mboujgvaq 不过 Mbwn yienznaeuz gvengq lo, ~ roen lij mbaeq. 天虽然晴了,不过路还湿。
mboujgven 不关
mboujha (见mboujdaemx) 不及;比不上;不如
mboujlaz [方]mix 不好吗;不成吗 yiengh neix guh ~? 这样做不好吗?
mboujleixlangh (见mboujswt) 不理睬
mboujliuh [方]laeklez;mboujngawz;meizliux 不料;料想不到 Gyanghaet mbwn gig gvengq, ~ banringz fwn doek. 早上天气很晴朗,想不到中午会下雨。
mboujloeb (见mboujdaemx) 不及;不如;比不上
mboujlwnh  [方]yianq;aihnaeuz;miqlwnh;ndilwnh;meizlwnh 无论;不论 De ~ veh gijmaz, cungj naengz youh cinj youh vaih vrh ok daeuj. 他不论画什么东西,都能逼真而又迅速地画出来。
mboujmiz [与mboujnex] [方]ndeu;ndui;di;yaek;ndi;miqyaq 不然;否则 Byaij vaiq di, ~ gou couh mbouj caj mengz lo! 快走,不然我就不等你了!
mboujmienx 不免
mboujmuenx 不满
mboujndwetndw (见mboujswt) 不理睬
mboujnex [与mboujmiz] 不然;否则
mboujnex [方] 反之
mboujngawz (见mboujliuh) 不料;料想不到
mboujngeix 不料;想不到
mboujni [方]mine;miqne;ndine;mboujmiz 否则;不然 Mwngz vaiq ndaem lo, ~ couh gvaq seiz. 你要快些种啦,否则就过季节了。
mboujnyaenx 不忍
mboujnyinh 否认
mboujonj 不安
mboujsaih (见mboujdaih) 不太
mboujseih [方]dwgmiq 可不是 ~! Gou senq couh naeuz gvaq lo. 可不是!我老早就说过了。
mboujswt [方]mboujndwetndw;mboujleixlangh;miqswt;mboujwt;mboujw;meiqleix;mboujbotyak 不理睬
mboujw (见mboujswt) 不理睬
mboujwt (见mboujswt) 不理睬
mboujyawx 不如
mboujmiz (见mboujni) 否则;不然

reih 畲地
reihbyaek (见diegbyaek) 菜地
reihhoengq [方]reihsoeg 熟荒地
reihnaz [与daemznaz同] [方]saehnaz 田地;田园
reihndoi 坡地
reihseng 生荒地
reihsoeg (见reihhoengq) 熟荒地

里面总会有你感兴趣的、格外特别或者非常实用的词,十个里面记住一个也是进步啊~

颠 来 倒 去 学 壮 字

  对着刚才的词表,我们还可以反查《古壮字字典》,像在电脑打拼音选字一样,把词条里的拼音壮字转成古壮字!这样颠倒游戏几番,那几个常用的壮字、壮词哪有不熟的道理!

----------------------------

以上游戏只是一个辅助学习的法门,而古壮字和壮语如果没法应用,游戏再好玩也会让人淡忘。

启示一:古壮字异体太多,和拉丁壮文的简洁规整是没法比的,讲传承、发掘、研究可以,谈复兴、普及未免太难了。

启示二:很多古壮字笔画并不繁难,部件组合也很好理解,但是还是很难记,这让我们体会到了老外学汉字的苦恼,也提醒我们现在能认那么多汉字也不是轻而易举的,是儿童时代下过苦功的。

 

【附注】

《SAWLOIH CUENGH GUN(壮汉词汇)》由广西壮族自治区少数民族语言文字工作委员会研究室编写,广西民族出版社于1984年1月出版,Honghlaj及Stoneman倡议发起将其上传和OCR至僚人家园,Marsuncle、季人等跟进完成大部分内容的上传,Honghlaj制作成书。在此再次感谢季人兄此前向我提供《古壮字字典》电子版的下载URL!

链接/评论/引摘:  从生到熟学古壮文
۝ Posted by 图腾子 @   23:43:00   评论_0  引用通告_0   
“那”是什么——瓦依那的启示(一)汉字 文字学 民族语言 壮语文

http://album.sina.com.cn/pic/4a828bb802000j5i  1月27日晚上,我在广州的Park19艺术空间看了一场民谣音乐演出,主要乐手都是广西南丹壮族人,乐队名字叫“瓦依那”——在海报上,他们把名字写成“瓦依[那/田]”。相信不少壮族朋友、对广东很多带“那”地名探究过的朋友对这个方块壮字都不会感到陌生。《古壮字字典》对它的解释是:

http://lingualyouth.blogbus.com/files/1170308394.jpg 那就是说,“[那/田]”是田的意思,田的意思在壮话里说成naz,用古壮字写就成了“[那/田]”。毫无疑问,“[那/田]”字是形声字。裘锡圭的《文字学概要》 说,“最早的形声字不是直接用意符和音符组成,而是通过在假借字上加注意符或在表意字上加注音符而产生的。”那么,“[那/田]”字是先有假借为“田”的“那”字,然后加注意符“田”,还是先有训读为“naz”的“田”字,然后加注音符“那”呢?这两者似乎都说得通。我猜是前者。因为,碰到“有音无字”的 方言词或者外来词,假借一个同音字来表示,是太方便、太自然了,这也就是陈五云《从新视角看汉字:俗文字学》里说的“正字俗用”,而古壮字就曾被认为是一种古俗字;而如果是后者的话,那“田”字在一开始就是像日文那样的训读了,这种情况在喃字Chữ Nôm)以及粤语、吴语等方言字中也不是没有,但比较罕见。其实,只要找古壮字文献看看“[那/田]”字在更早的时候写成什么就一目了然了。如果真是前者对的话,那么“[那/田]”就属于“为明确假借义而加意符”的现象(裘著语)。

  但是,跟“师”(音译外来词)加反犬旁变成“狮”(裘著举的例子)不一样,“那”加的意符(或者说形旁)“田”并不是反映naz这个词的属性、类别,而是完全反映词义——试比较“田”在“畴”“略”“界”“畔”等形声字中的地位。这种造字方法也就是唐兰在《中国文字学》中所诠释的“建类一首,同意相受”(许慎《说文解字》语),属于“转注”,区别于另外两种“由图画文字变为形声文字”的过程——“孳乳”和“緟益”,其中“孳乳”说的就是上面举的其他形声字用的办法。唐兰还论证过,“由孳乳、转注、緟益三种方法产生的形声文字,才是纯粹形声字,……”因此,尽管在汉字中的应用只局限在“黑”“老”等少数意符上,尽管在越南喃字Chữ Nôm)等仿汉方块字中反而用得很多(这也就致使喃字比汉字更繁难),这种“转注”法依然不失为正宗的造字法。我们可以说,“[那/田]”字是正宗的形声字。

  而字典里的“naz”是现行拼音壮文,其中的z是专门用来表示声调的字母,不读成[z]或者[s]。

  naz这个词的文化内涵要发掘起来可不简单。我手头上刚好有一本罗常培1950年就出版了的书《语言与文化》。这本书“是一位开拓型的语言大师罗常培先生撰写的一本探索语言与文化关系的小书,被认为是中国文化语言学的开山之作。”(王均语,就写在书背上)书的第五章《从地名看民族迁徙的踪迹》就拿两广境内含有“那”“都”“古”“六”四个字(包括近音字)的地名的分布状况和现代壮人的地理分布作过比较,让人一窥壮族在历史上的往迹。对含“那”地名更早的研究至少还有罗著所引的李荣的《民族与语言》第三节《从壮语地名考证壮人古代地理分布》。除了可以用来考证族群古代地理分布之外,naz还可以有其他妙用,例如可以用来研究稻作农业的发展历史!为图方便,在网上找来这么一段文字,应该可以用来说明一下了:

河上游流域大量分布着冠“那” (纳)字的地名,也是这一地区稻作农业历史悠久,并以稻作农业为主的证明。“那”(纳)在壮、布依、傣等民族语言中为水田,在上述地区及至东南亚都广泛分布着冠以“那”字的地名,如那坡、那马、那龙、那丽等等,构成了奇特的“那”地名景观。仅从地图上看,红水河流域分布着许多冠“那”(纳)字地名,如巴马瑶族自治县有那桃、那社、那弄、那门、那敏、那坝、那朝、那莫、那勤、那亨、那浪、纳乐、纳标、纳盘、纳塘、纳克、纳怀、纳就、纳立、纳维,凤山县有那兵、那爱、那拉、那烘、那老、那乐、 那英、那王、那东,天峨县有纳直、那里、纳特、纳碍、纳合、纳洲、纳沙、纳赖,南丹县有那地、纳定、纳老、纳弄、纳塘、拉纳,大化瑶族自治县有那浪、那定、那色等等,地图上未标出来的自然村及村以下的“那”(纳)地名,更是多得数不胜数。地名是人们在社会生活中,为地理实体、居民聚落和地域区划所取的名称,是特定的一种语言符事和人类活动的历史印证,它具有鲜明的地域性和民族性,又有顽强的延续性和稳定性。如前所述,“那”(纳)在壮语中是稻田的通用名称,“那×”或“纳×”实际上是壮语称水田的汉字记音,它们都有固定的含义,例如“那怀”即“水牛田”、“那拉”、“纳拉”即下边的田,“纳沙”即沙土田,“那兵”即有蚂蟥的田,如此等等。由此可见,由“那”构在的地域性地名现象具有深层次的文化内涵,它在一定程度上保留了民族文化尤其是稻作农业文化的 本来面目,是稻作农业起源的鲜明印记。

 

  瓦依那就说,他们乐队的名字在壮话里是“稻花飘香的田野”的意思。如果“瓦”“依”“那”都用古壮字来标示的话会是什么样子呢?我不懂壮语,不知道“瓦依那”是武鸣壮语还是什么别的壮语方言,也不知道“瓦依那”用现行拼音壮文该怎么写,只是本着好奇之心试着用《古壮字字典》查了一下,对上了比较靠谱的字,可到底对不对头还请方家指点:

http://lingualyouth.blogbus.com/files/1170309451.jpg http://lingualyouth.blogbus.com/files/1170310040.jpg http://lingualyouth.blogbus.com/files/1170308394.jpg

  仅以此文献给瓦依那。

 

又及,

上面文中的超链接虽然内容丰富,但可能不够活泼,再补几个界面更友好的以供阅读:

۝ Posted by 图腾子 @   23:52:17   评论_3  引用通告_1   
假如英语用汉字书写汉字 文字学

  很久以前听说过这样一个笑话:

  一个法国人很自豪地对一个中国人说:“法语是世界上最优美的语言。”为了也照顾到中国朋友的面子,他补了一句:“当然,汉字是世界上最优美的文字。”那位中国人想了想,问道:“这么说,用我们汉字来写法语,岂不是两全其美?”法国人哑口无言了。

  那时侯我就饶有兴致地想知道用汉字来书写基本上没有汉源词的语言会是什么样。那样的碰撞和结合一定很有意思。不过,我能设想到的只是像日文汉字那样的训读。因为,对非汉源词来说,音读意味着只借形不借义,那汉字就变成纯粹的记音符号了,而且是极为笨拙的记音符号;而如果是像越南喃字那样,把借来的字当作音符/意符,再加一个意符/音符另造一个字,那字符就是笨拙的记音加上臃肿的形声组合。但是,如果都是训读的话,大量的形声汉字就变得互不相关、不成系统了。这相当于要记住一个个符号的读音,而这些符号对读音毫无提示作用。

  Mark Rosenfelder,“英字”的作者,在探索If English was written like Chinese的时候也意识到训读这个难题了。他马上放弃了日式道路,转投中国汉字一个字一个音节、以形声字为主的模式。但是,中国汉字的形声系统显然跟英语的音节格格不入。Rosenfelder厉害的地方在于,他不是想办法借汉字的形,而是借汉字的造字法,虚枪一晃跳到自创文字上去了。他创造的“英字”基本上是依着象形、指事、会意、形声来造字的,十足汉字的英化版,不过暂时还是图画式的笔画和部件,没有小篆化、隶化、楷化、行草化,不过如果需要的话那也只是水到渠成的事情。

  请看以下摘录(括号内的中文为笔者加的注释):

Little pictures

……

Let's draw pictures. For instance:


horse

mount

king

man

child

bug

sun

moon

tree

(象形)

When the pictures are abstract we can call them "ideograms", but they still represent particular English morphemes:


one

un-

per
(指事)

Some of our pictures will be kind of clever. For instance, woods repeats the yingzi for tree, while east is a little picture of the sun rising through the trees. guilt is a picture of a man inside an enclosure.

(会意。连例字都跟汉字”林“”東“”囚“如出一辙。)

Let's not go crazy, however. We only need a thousand or so, and we'll restrict ourselves to fairly simple, one-syllable words. We'll derive the vast majority of our yingzi from this basic stock of pictures.

(限制非形声字的数量)

Phonetic classes

Basically each simple yingzi will be the basis for an open-ended set of yingzi, used for a set of rhyming syllables. For instance, the king character will generate the family king, thing, sing, sling, sting, shing(le).

(这种声符标示的仅仅是韵母/韵而不是整个音节,和现在标音准确性已经大减的汉字声符比起来是半斤八两。我们姑且叫它“韵符”。)

It would be awfully confusing to use for all of these. Instead we'll use it only for king, which will be the phonetic for this set, and add little signs called radicals to distinguish the rest. Examples:

  • sing will be , formed by adding the mouth radical
  • sting will be , formed by adding the bug radical (since insects sting)
  • shing (the first syllable in shingle) will be , formed using the roof radical
  • sling will be formed using the spear radical.
(这里的“部首”就是指形符。)

When we add a radical, we scrunch up the yingzi so the whole thing still fits into a square. All characters, however complex, fit into the same size box.

(“英字”也是方块字。)

"Rhyming" isn't quite accurate. We don't want each family of words to get too large; so we'll restrict a single family to either voiced or unvoiced initial consonants.

So, bring, ring, Bing, wing, zing will form a separate family of yingzi, based on the character wing.

(声母清浊不同的音节用不同的韵符标示。这使韵符标示的读音更好猜一点。这就好比汉字标示同一读音的声符有多个一样。)

Overlaps and secondary derivations

The yingzi formed from a single phonetic will all rhyme; but not all syllables that rhyme will necessarily have the same yingzi. This is largely because we started with a set of pictograms chosen for their pictorial rather than phonetic qualities; but it also adds visual distinctions to the script, and thus aids the reader. (It rather burdens the writer; but heck, everyone does a lot more reading than writing.)

(同韵未必同韵符,即一韵多符。作者抓到汉字的重点了——简单来说,汉字不是以标音为出发和追求的,而是以概念为单位的。这是简化字同音借代为人诟病的症结所在,也是汉字同音字产生的根源。相应来讲,“英字”也会有同韵字。而最后那句跟繁体字常用来开脱的理由多一致啊。)

For instance, the phonetic un- will be used for fun, ton, pun, thun(der), Hun, etc. But sun will have its own yingzi, , and this will be used for son, shun, stun, spun. For instance, sun plus the man radical makes son, and sun with the fight radical is used for shun.

(形符也可以当韵符。就像“金”一般作形符,但是在“锦”里也可以作声符。比汉字好的是,”英字“的形符似乎约定了是在上方或左边,不会出现汉字那样的混淆。)

Moreover, a compound yingzi may itself be used as a phonetic with its own set of yingzi. The shun character , for instance, will be used with the work radical to form -tion, used to spell this common suffix, as in section.

(它连汉字声符“甫-溥-薄”那种架床叠屋的本领也学过来了,不过似乎没有汉字的繁复。)

Radicals

Where do the radicals come from? For the most part they are either simple characters (e.g king, work), or abbreviations of characters; for instance the character net is abbreviated to when used as a radical.

(例子犹如汉字的”网“和”罒“。)

The set of radicals is not unlimited; there is in fact a fixed set of 214 of them. The total number of yingzi that belong to one phonetic set is thus absolutely limited to 214. No set will actually have this number of yingzi, though some will have a few dozen.

(让人想到汉字的部首数量和同一声符可以与多少形符组合的问题。)

(However, the potential number of yingzi is still unlimited, because we can always choose a compound yingzi as a new phonetic, and generate a new set of rhyming yingzi from it.)

(汉字的造字潜力是无限的,只要能够容忍繁复的话。“英字”也一样。)

Because the set of radicals is limited, a really good radical will not always be available to distinguish the yingzi in a rhyming set. We'll just choose the best one we can. In addition, when choosing radicals we will rely on the etymological meaning of a word, which may not always match its current meaning. For instance, the word villain originally meant peasant, and so the sign for vill- uses the field radical (added to the phonetic bill).

(除非你了解各个部件甚至笔画的来源和本义,否则“望文生义”只是一个神话。而即便是能够“望文生义”,这个“义”也只是本义。而字的本义通常不是常用义。我们还是靠学习获知陌生汉字或者“英字”的字义的。)

The yingzi that use a particular radical will form a class of their own-- a sort of meaning class. We can consider the entire English language to be divided into 214 meaning categories. For instance, every yingzi that uses the bug radical will have something to do (at least etymologically) with insects or reptiles. However, since the number of radicals is so limited, and because the choice of radical is sometimes quirky, the resulting sets will be rather vague and eccentric.

(还记得安子介《解开汉字之谜》对汉字部件牵强的阐释吗?无论部首再怎么科学化,它也不可能像义素分析那样细致、完整。“英字”当然也不例外。况且,部首反映的只是本义。最终,这个字为什么安上这个部首,很多时候还得靠记忆和习惯。)

Guessing at an unknown character

There will be tens of thousands of yingzi; but we must not let this frighten us. There are tens of thousands of conventional spellings, too, but despite what the wiseacres say, it would be absurd to say that there's no logic to English orthography at all. Likewise, the yingzi themselves are not the basic graphical units or graphemes of the writing system; the phonetics and radicals are.

Readers can make use of this fact to guess the pronunciation of an unknown character. For instance, is a straightforward combination of the speech radical with the phonetic purse. A type of speaking that rhymes with purse-- curse, of course.

Or, , a combination of the plant radical with the guilt phonetic . Something about plants that rhymes with guilt? This one is a bit harder-- wilt.

-- a plant (radical plant) that rhymes with speech-- is easy: peach. But note that speech, which we used as a radical above, is used as a phonetic here.

Since there are many more phonetics than radicals, the information content of the radical is much less than that of the phonetic. If you knew only the radical for an unknown character, you can only narrow down the meaning to 1/214 of the lexicon; if you knew only the phonetic, you could narrow it down much further, since there are more than a thousand phonetics.

(guessing跟“秀才念字念半边”是一脉相承的,就是基本靠猜。)

Polysyllabic words

Where possible we will divide a word into morphemes. For instance outsider breaks into out + side + -er; reshipment is re- + ship + -ment.

How do we handle morphemes of more than one syllable? We simply create a yingzi for each syllable. For instance, person would be expressed as . The first character is based on per, with the addition of the man radical; the second is sun with the addition of the same radical.

A polysyllabic morpheme, in fact, can generally be recognized because all the syllables have the same radical. For instance, insect consists of in and sect, each with the addition of the bug radical. (Note that sect is itself a compound character, formed from the rite radical with the specked phonetic.)

(这跟汉字替一些连绵词、外来词的几个汉字加上同一部首是一样的,如“蝴蝶”“苜蓿”“菠萝””葫芦“等等。)

Inflections

How about inflections that don't form a full syllable, such as plural -s? It would be pretty tiresome, even with the add-a-radical trick, to create thousands of yingzi for syllables that just happen to have a final -s.

Note, however, that the plural morpheme sometimes takes up its own syllable, as in grasses, rashes. So why not use the yingzi for is, which is ? Of course, is and -s are both pretty common, so we should add a little dot to the character to represent final -s: So peach is , peaches is ; sun is , suns is . We can use a similar strategy for other inflections.

(这有点像助词”的“假借表示目的的”的“。作者在后面解释道,这里参考的是儿化的”儿“字。)

Foreign words

Very old borrowings (e.g. the mass of words borrowed in medieval and Renaissance times from French and Latin) will be treated like native words. We've already seen examples like peach, villain, insect, and person.

Words borrowed more recently, however, won't get their own radical+phonetic compounds. Instead we'll represent them, syllable by syllable, using the nearest existing characters. For instance, Peking will be represented as . The first character is the first syllable of pecan (that is, pe-; phonetic see, radical gourd), and the second is the word king. The name Fellini will be written , composed of the yinzi fell, lean, knee. (You may amuse yourself working out what the phonetics and radicals are for these three characters.)

(连起来读不通、不能按字义理解的就是译音字。部首可以用上,可是字义跟词义完全无关了。义类划分得那么辛苦不就是做无用功吗?对,现在用汉字来译音就是这么笨拙。)

Dictionaries

English dictionaries would no longer be arranged alphabetically, of course, since we're no longer using an alphabet. They'll be organized by radical.

The 214 radicals are ordered according to the number of strokes needed to draw them. Radicals of one stroke (e.g. one or per ) come first, followed by radicals of two strokes (e.g. un-), and so on, up to monstrosities like toad, which has 20 strokes.

The section for each radical is also organized by stroke number. Under the plant radical, for instance, the first entry is plant itself, followed by characters with one extra stroke (like dron, the last character in rhododendron), then characters with two strokes, and so on (up to , the first character in toadstool).

Note that there are no main entries for what we're used to calling words at all. There wouldn't be a main entry at all for a word like person, for instance. There would be an entry for the man radical; under it a sub-entry for the character per, and person would be listed as a sub-sub-entry under that.

(用部首检字;要数笔画;词典不按词条而按字条来排。这些通通是汉字在检索上的不便和不足之处。”英字“爱屋及乌了。)

Thinking in yingzi

The nature of the writing system would encourage lexicographers (and English speakers) to think of everything in the language as built out of yingzi. There wouldn't seem to be a great difference between "words" like storehouse, storage, restore and "expressions" like shoe store, store up, store detective, store manager; or between blackboard and black eye, or between alphabet and alpha male.

Many morphemes that now live out a shadowy existence, forever bound to other morphemes, would take on an independent existence; for instance the volve in revolve, evolve, involve, devolve, which would have its own yingzi, and would seem as much a "word" or component of the language as the match in rematch, mismatch, unmatch. There would be a tendency to describe the meanings, vague or miscellaneous as they might be, for such characters.

(不分词连写而是以字为单位。)

This might seem sensible and even wise for a morpheme like volve, which after all derives from a real Latin root meaning roll; but there would be other, more dubious applications. For instance, the son in person was represented by , which happens to be the yingzi for son. It will be almost impossible not to assume that person derives from son; but historically it's just a coincidence; person derives from Latin and has nothing to do with son.

Worse yet, the -cuit of biscuit and circuit might be written with the same character (a derivative of kit), and a meaning sought for it-- perhaps 'round', since biscuits are round and circuits involve going round. Again, etymologically this is nonsense.

(以字为单位产生的误导和误读。就像古人把连绵词”犹豫“附会成畏首畏尾的动物一样。)

Words, perceived as compounds, might lend themselves to abbreviation. After all, why write two yingzi when one will do, especially if it unmistakably implies its partner? For instance, language would be a two-character word , each character defined only as part of this compound and used nowhere else in the language. If you've written lang, you must write gwidge next. You might as well just write lang and leave it at that. Ultimately of course will acquire a meaning of its own-- namely language. And for consistency's sake lexicographers might well give gwidge a meaning of its own as well--namely, language.

(作者也觉得如果一个多音节的词都用”英字“写全的话会太繁冗,所以用上了这种类似汉字速记一样的省写法,反正写了前面一两个字后面那个就八九不离十了。冗余度高有抗干扰的好处,但是太高的话无疑只能让人趋简。)

The complexities of the writing system, the inherent interest of the pictorial elements, the cleverness inherent in graphic compounds like woods and the radical-phonetic system, and even sociological facts such as the time it takes to learn the system, and the fact that English speakers of all nations can use it whatever their native dialect, would also combine to give the writing system an overwhelming character of its own. It would be seen as more important than speech; there would even be a tendency to think of words as derived from characters rather than the other way around.

(有利于提高对空间和结构的把握能力以及超方言云云。英字这么繁复,这是它的份内事。反过来,我们可以想一想,英语也有很多方言,为什么不需要一种超方言的文字呢,为什么在文字上没有分裂成很多种英语呢?)

If someone asks where a word comes from, we (now) think of its original phonetic form; we say for instance that language comes from French langage, itself derived from Latin lingua 'tongue', which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European dnghu. With the yingzi system, people would be tempted instead to give what we might call the graphic etymology. They'd say that lang derives from the speech radical and the gang phonetic, and that the latter is actually a picture of a gang-- a reduplication of the man character. That is indeed where comes from, but not lang, which did not derive from it! (But it wouldn't even be easy to make this point in yingzi-- how do you distinguish lang from if you can't even write "lang" without writing the character?)

(要追问一个词的词源,习惯用拼音文字的人会考察这个词本身在历史上出现的时间以及具体的形式、意义和用法,特别注意和亲属语言、历史上的强势外语相应的词或词根作比较;而习惯用汉字的人会近乎本能地想”为什么这个词要用这几个汉字来写“,然后从字义推测词义,从字的起源推测词的起源。哪种更科学一目了然。)

A word is a word is a word

Does all this mean that words are cultural constructs or that the concept of a word would no longer apply to English written in yingzi? Not at all. A word is still a useful linguistic concept-- or rather a series of overlapping concepts. By word linguists may mean one or all of the following:

  • a phonological unit-- e.g. something with one stress accent or one pitch contour; or a unit within which intervocalic stops get voiced.
  • the abstraction underlying a set of morphological forms (e.g. write underlying write, writes, writing, written, wrote).
  • an element which can stand alone (e.g. in response to a suitably chosen question), as suffixes or bound morphemes cannot.
  • a morphological unit you can't insert other morphemes into (e.g. black dog is not a word since you can change it to black, tired dog; but you can't turn blackbird into blacktiredbird)
  • an expression with a conventional meaning-- something that has to be defined in the mental lexicon (this sense is also called a lexeme).

(就像虽然现在中文的书写是以字为单位,但是”词“(word)的概念还是不可或缺的。)

A moment's thought should show that these definitions may or may not coincide even in English; and that even where they do they may not coincide with the typographical or lexicographical notion of a word. The latter idea-- roughly 'something with spaces around it'-- is of little interest to linguists since it depends on the writing system. That makes it useless for describing most of the languages of the world; and even for written languages it's pretty arbitrary, as this page should show. (Everything you know about writing English would change if we adopted yingzi instead.)

It's safe to say, however, that such definitions would seem fairly abstract in a yingzi system. Word might become a technical term, like morpheme or lexeme. Or it might be identified with a yingzi (a written character); or be abstracted into a more vaguely defined linguistic element, applicable to anything from a character to a compound to a whole phrase.

(话说回来,分词的界限还真是不但跟形态有关系,而且跟书写的单位也有关系。也就是说,如果英文的单词一开始是像德文分得那么长来写的话,英文里”词“的定义就会有所不同了。反过来看中文,汉语拼音正词法的分词跟学术研究上的分词也不一定要一致,即没有一种非此即彼的绝对分词标准。)


Hey, did I just learn something about Chinese?

I've attempted in this sketch to lay out, by analogy, the nature and structure of the Chinese writing system. All of the concepts apply:

  • the limited role of pictograms
  • the clever compound pictures (indeed all three examples are from Chinese)
  • the phonetic-and-radical system (97% of Chinese characters work this way)
  • the inclusion of radicals as part of the character (rather than as separate symbols, as in cuneiform or hieroglyphic writing)
  • the relative information content of radicals and phonetics
  • compounds used as secondary phonetics
  • the handling of multisyllabic and foreign words
  • the handling of subsyllabic morphemes (the model here is Mandarin -r, represented by ér)
  • the organization of dictionaries (in fact, the graphic at the top of the page shows part of the radical index for a Chinese dictionary, organized by stroke count)
  • the psychological effects.

The radicals named are all also Chinese radicals. The phonetics are not, of course, since the phonetics in hanzi refer to the sounds of Chinese words, not English ones. But I tried to pick phonetics which would also be phonetics in Chinese (e.g. sun, king, wing, tree, one, east, field, bill).

(交代了模仿汉字的要点,特别说明了自创形声字的声符是要适应英语的词语。我觉得他能把握汉字影响下的心理作用这一点很了不起。)

There are differences, too. For instance, I haven't made any attempt to make my yingzi look like hanzi.

(表明”英字“和汉字在字体、字形上有差异。当然,正如我前面说的,这只是枝节问题。)

The phonetic sets of Chinese are not exactly based on rhymes. Karlgren explains that the hanzi belonging to one set had homorganic initial consonants (e.g. k, g), the same main vowel, and the same final consonant.

(“英字”的“韵符”标音不如汉字的声符全面。)

I've also underreported the complexity (and arguably the inefficiency) of the Chinese script in several important ways:

  • The phonetic sets in Chinese, though still useful, are two thousand years out of date. It's as if my yingzi phonetics had to rhyme in Proto-Germanic, not in modern English.
  • The scribes who devised hanzi often went wild adding radicals, creating multiple characters for what are etymologically the same root.
  • Four milennia have reduced the pictorial content of the hanzi primitives almost to nil. What the "pictograms" are pictures of is often evident only to the scholar.
  • Clear and precise handwriting is by no means a virtue in Chinese; the most admired style, câoshu, is highly simplified, suggesting rather than delineating the characters intended.
  • The People's Republic has simplified many of the traditional hanzi; and this reform has been accepted in Singapore but not in Taiwan or Hong Kong. It's as if the US had its own versions of a large fraction of English yingzi.

(但是,汉字的标音绝大部分已经和时代脱节,汉字的形体又经过了隶变、草化、简化,理据性和系统性反而比不上”英字“。)

I also haven't gotten into the many additional complications engendered when hanzi were adopted by Japanese, Korean, or Vietnamese; for more on that see John DeFrancis's The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy.

In some respects, however, yingzi are harder than hanzi. For instance, English has many more multisyllabic morphemes than Chinese. Only about 10% of Chinese morphemes are more than one syllable long. Also, English has borrowed so much that it often has five or six morphemes where Chinese would have just one-- compare wáng vs. king, regal, royal, regicide, Rex, or vs. word, verb, logograph, bon mot.

 

  在这位好学的外国人眼里,汉字也许是有趣、聪明的。可是,按照汉字模式造出来的“英字”谁会真把它当回事儿,谁会觉得它科学、经济、美观、好用?这“英字”还剔除和避免了汉字好些缺点呢。我贴这个有趣的比较是想说:不要再说什么“汉字能望文生义”、“21世纪是汉字大显身手的世纪”之类的瞎话了!汉字的价值主要并不于它本身有多科学、多有信息、多经济、多美观、多有利于什么脑什么思维的发展,而在于它在几千年的历史中已经养成了一整套博大精深的文化。换了另一套意音文字,哪怕它造字再有原则、内涵再丰富深刻、造型再美观,我们根本就不会买它的账。该用汉字的地方我们不但要继续用,还要细细品味、把玩;可是,不该用的地方就别死守这么一套愚蠢的文字不放了。

链接/评论/引摘:  假如英语用汉字书写
۝ Posted by 图腾子 @   01:02:36   评论_1  引用通告_0   
无厘头的粤语方格字香港 粤语 文字学 拼音 语音学

  偶然在Omniglot.com上发现一种相当有趣的文字方案“Cantonese Grid Script”(试译为“粤语方格字”)。该方案由网友Desmond Lee(应该是香港人)设计,包含了相当丰富的语音学知识:用代表双唇、舌尖、鼻音等语音区别特征的象征符号的组合来表示单辅音,还可以进一步组合表示双辅音;用缺角、加点等办法在六个方格上模拟表示元音在舌位图上的位置和圆唇与否等等,以此来表示单元音以及双元音;用上加线、下加线来表示声调;用前字后字基线高低参差不齐的办法来分清音节的界限。这种科学分析的、多单位多层次的拼音文字让人不禁联想到类似的朝鲜/韩国谚文字母;用六个方格和缺角的办法又让人联想到布莱叶盲文

http://www.omniglot.com/images/langsamples/smp_gridscript.jpg

  奇怪的是,该“粤语方格字”的书写方向居然是从右往左横写的,这和中文传统的从右往左竖写习惯不同,和现代中文的从左往右横写也不同,甚至和从右往左横写的阿拉伯文都不同——因为它的声-韵拼合顺序又是从左往右的!也许,这是受了早期香港电影从右往左的单行字幕的影响……

  更奇怪的是,这个方案看起来完全不是为手写设计的,也不是为电子文档设计的。即便是作为一套盲文方案,它也显得太繁复了。对任何文字来说,它都是过度分析和不实用的。更关键的是,现在的时代已经不是创制文字的时代了。而要是用来做音标,它又远远比不上国际音标(IPA)。即便是作为语音区别特征直观的示意图,它也不如矩阵那么彻底和简洁。

  该方案收录在“网友自创文字”栏目。我完全不明白那个栏目的文字方案究竟有什么作用和意义。我更相信,这个“粤语方格字”是某位高手的玩票之作。听说有一种艺术叫“无用艺术”……顺便破解一下,该方案附的例文写的是一首几乎可以用来判定是不是中国人的唐诗——

白李
思夜静
光月明前床
霜上地是疑
月明望头举
乡故思头低

链接/评论/引摘:  无厘头的粤语方格字
۝ Posted by 图腾子 @   17:36:27   评论_5  引用通告_0   
美丽的锡伯文书法濒危语言 民族语言 文字学 阿尔泰

  锡伯人网站在2005年11月有这么一条帖子——《锡伯文满文汉文合璧书法展览圆满结束》。

  我注意到,展览前言的开头写道:“锡伯文、满文属于阿尔泰语系,满-通古斯语族,它已有三百多年的历史。”这个说法不妥。某文字属于某语系某语族?满语和锡伯语只有三百年历史?联系上下文来看,这里显然是把语言和文字混为一谈了。虽然说,在不严格的场合,“某某文”和“某某语”可以混用,例如“说英文”就是“说英语”的意思;但是,这里既说到语言谱系又说到文字历史,是不能只用一种模糊的称呼、只用一句话的。另外,从标点看,这句话误以为语系和语族是并列关系了。正确的写法应该是:“锡伯语、满语属于阿尔泰语系满-通古斯语族。现行的锡伯文、满文已有三百多年的历史。

  瑕不掩瑜,这种书法展和书法研习班真不错,只会显少不会嫌多。众所周知,锡伯文、满文以及传统蒙古文(请另外参考omniglot.com)用的字母都是在回鹘文字母的基础上发展出来的。我一直觉得,这种文字是非常美丽洒脱而且具有特殊历史文化气息的文字(请参考杨富学《回鹘文源流考辨》);这样的文字不仅应该有各种字体,而且应该有作为艺术的书法。当然,不能奢望1970年代才诞生的锡伯文书法马上就成熟起来、成为有价值的艺术门类。这只是个开端。

  该展览的作品中,我最喜欢的数这幅——虽然完全看不懂锡伯文:

http://www.sibeculture.com/sibe/holtombi/2005-11/200511241941031959.jpg

  另外,找两幅锡汉对照、看得懂的与诸位共勉:

http://www.sibeculture.com/sibe/holtombi/2005-11/2005111721242471815.jpg http://www.sibeculture.com/sibe/holtombi/2005-11/2005111721181231692.jpg

(所有图片由锡伯族歌手郭庆拍摄并提供,具体书写人不详)

链接/评论/引摘:  美丽的锡伯文书法
۝ Posted by 图腾子 @   15:49:26   评论_1  引用通告_0   
文字游戏文字学 汉字

|束|文化传播网有这么一篇好玩儿的东西(虽然有攻击女性之嫌),和回文诗、回文联一并可算作是汉字特有的文字游戏了;原作者不详。

囚囻囸図囡囚囨図
Time:2005-08-26 
 
囡囚囨囚囨図
囚囻囸図囡囚囨図
囯囹囸,囚囻図,四囡团,囦困圊圊,囝囻因圉
团因回囝囡囟団囯园围困囤囬囦囮囧囵囫囱囥囲囩囨図囱国固
囷囶囹图囸囻囼囿圀圃圄圂圆圁圅圊圉国囵圈圌圐围圏圎囚四囙囘囜 囡囝囫圁


固囚囩, 囡囚囨囚囨図

圉圇图圌圐囩囲図国団囦圎團圖圞囵圊國圇图圌囸團

図囝囻囼圀园围圏圜囿囻囼圀圁圎圏圜囝囻囼圀圁圎

圏圑国团囡囸固囹圞圄圉团囡囸园围圞圄困团囡囸團

圖圞圜囿囸囥國圇圎圏圜圉囻囼圀固囹圏圑囝囻囼圀

圁圎圏圑圉圀圁圎團圖圞囵困固囹囷圙圈圂圜困团囡

囸團圖圞圜困囸團圖圙圈圂圜国囥國圇图圌圐圄国固

囹囷圙圈圂圄囿圈圂國圇圌圐圄囿囸團圖團圖圞圍囿

囥國囥國圇圐図困团团囡囸圖圞圜囿圀圁圎囯圎圏圑

困圖圙囸團圖圞圑囿园围因囯囬囮囵困囸團圖圙圖圞

圜圆园围因囯囬囮圜困圖圙囷圙圈圂圄圆囥國圇图圈

圂圄国固囹囷圙圈圂圄圆囥國圇圙圌圐圍国囥國圇囜

囫囶圑囿囥國圇图圌圐圍国圕圓園囜囫囶圝囿团囡园

围囹囶圜圉圕圓園囜囫囶圝

链接/评论/引摘:  文字游戏
۝ Posted by 图腾子 @   20:08:00   评论_2  引用通告_0   
裘锡圭——一个人带走一个专业语言学家 文字学

转贴旧文: 

高山仰止啊,他的《文字学概要》我才看懂几页啊。。。

 

北大将失去古文字专业? 学界泰斗移师复旦

2004年12月10日16:32  来源:中华读书报

中国古文字学泰斗裘锡圭 

 

  近日,全国政协委员、北大中文系教授、古文字学家裘锡圭将携其门生沈培和同专业教师陈剑出走复旦的消息在北大不胫而走。一个人带走了一个专业。有北大学子在北大学术论坛上如此叹息。有人认为,裘锡圭先生本出自复旦,此举属叶落归根情理之中;然而有人认为,如果是裘锡圭心念母校,一人离去即可,何必带上门生?其中另有隐情。但无论如何,裘锡圭的出走必会对北大古文字学在全国学术界的地位产生影响。

  记者采访北大中文系相关专业研究生和老师了解到,裘锡圭其实在今年夏天就有想走的念头,现在手续还没有办,但走还是可能要走的。而且原来据说是古文字学的李家浩教授、沈培副教授和陈剑老师要一起离开,但后来出于种种原因,李家浩留下了。而裘锡圭舍北大取复旦其实与裘锡圭本人与北大、北大中文系之间的关系无关,为了挽留这位北大文科翘楚,据说连校长和副校长都出动了。具体原因大家并不清楚,但流传在北大校园的说法是,裘锡圭一直希望古文献学、古文字学专业能单独从系里出来,成立一个古籍整理研究院,在做学术研究时会更方便一些,什么事情再经过系里就比较复杂。但他的愿望一直未能实现。当然,作为一所高校,拨款来自财政拨款,编制也是教育部设置,无论是资金还是编制,高校都很难灵活配置。但是,当复旦大学为了吸引人才,特为裘锡圭先生成立了一个出土文献中心时,裘锡圭权衡取舍,最后决定取复旦而舍北大。有研究生认为,学科现在都有高下之别了,古文字学专业越来越不受重视,裘锡圭先生黯然离去自是必然。

  然而来自两校校方的回答又是另外一个版本。北大校长办公室的回答是,对这件事情他们不清楚,复旦大学中文系办公室也谨慎地表示不知道,而北大中文系办公室的回答是现在还没有走啊,我们也挽留了

  那么,裘锡圭先生究竟有没有决定离开北大呢?记者几经周折拨通裘锡圭的电话,他向记者表示已经确定去复旦,但这件事一方面牵涉到北大与复旦之间的关系,一方面牵涉到个人与北大之间的关系,不想再说什么。沈培表示,自己全家都是准备迁往上海的,正在等候通知。

  遥想复旦此专业将要风云际会的场景,不禁黯淡了今日的心情。有北大学子在北大学术网站上慨叹。但一位北大的博士研究生对此事持相反的看法,他认为,这些事情从长远角度来说,对高校的改革无疑是一件好事。人才流动越多,体制就会越灵活。谁能给人才开出更好的条件,让研究者能够做更多更好的事情,人才就会向哪流动;北大的绝对影响力在慢慢减弱,这可能也是一件好事,毕竟,给了受教育者更多选择的机会。(记者:陈香)

۝ Posted by 图腾子 @   01:08:35   评论_0  引用通告_0   
Omniglot - a guide to writing systems文字学 民族语言 拼音 粤语 拉丁化

转贴旧文如下,并补充一下:

        Omniglot不但提供了很多书写系统的样本,而且也提供了有用的相关信息链接,包括语言学习的链接。不过,Omniglot也并不总是英明的,譬如它就收录了一个极为愚蠢的粤语拼音方案“Penkyamp”。那只不过是一名网民闭门造车捣鼓出来的“满脸麻子”的新创方案,根本没有任何词典或者教程等印刷品使用,也没有任何学术影响,只不过是因为设计者利用wikipedia大肆宣传和曾经成功建了一个Penkyamp版的wikipedia,才被Omniglot误判为跟耶鲁方案、粤语拼音方案(香港语言学会)等等是同一等次影响力的拼音。在众网友的支持下,wikipedia已经修正了penkyamp词条的夸大成分,删除了penkyamp版入口,但在wikicities仍有一个penkyamp讨论主页。可Omniglot不像wikipedia那样是个社区,至今还没作出更正。

        关于Penkyamp的恶作动态,本blog会继续关注和跟进。

November 16,2004
Omniglot - a guide to writing systems
 

这个网站很好,汇集了几乎所有的文字类别资料,连中国古代的契丹大字(Khitan large script)、契丹小字(Khitan small script)、西夏文(Tangut (Hsihsia) )、女真文(Jurchen)等这些死去已久的文字都有,越南的喃字(Chữ-nôm)、纳西文(Naxi)等还活着的就更是齐备了,是个常识性的资料库。

今年的9月20日,最后一位“原生”的女书使用者去世。下面贴一下这网站关于女书的资料。大家英文那么好,就不用翻译了吧~

http://www.omniglot.com/writing/nushu.htm

这是国外的英文资料,有些地方比起国内的资料较为客观,敢批评我国的语言政策和实际措施,因此颇有参考价值。譬如看完纳西文字的介绍后,相信很多人都会对它在过去几十年遭受的无妄之灾感到不平。再提一点,它的外部链接也选得很精。

链接/评论/引摘:  Omniglot - a guide to writing systems
۝ Posted by 图腾子 @   20:23:00   评论_0  引用通告_0   
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